Metagenomic analysis of the intestinal microbiome in goats on cactus and Salicornia-based diets.

Background: The Peruvian coast is characterized by its arid and saline soils, the cactus being an alternative for arid soils and Salicornia for saline soils. Therefore, it is necessary to develop nutrition based on the intestinal microbiota in goats. Aim: To identify the intestinal microbiota in goats through a metagenomic analysis. Methods: In this study, goats and kids were randomly selected and fed cacti and Salicornia as potential forage species compared to native grass to study the changes in the microbiota using massive sequencing using the 16S rRNA gene as a marker. Results: The sequencing results showed the taxonomic levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes at the phylum level as the most abundant in creole goats' microbiome, varying from 18% to 36% and 47% to 66%, respectively. At the genus level, variants of the genus Ruminococcaceae stand out, related to cellulose degradation, as the most dominant in all samples, followed by Christensenellaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Prevotellaceae. Also, the genus Akkermansia appeared in greater abundance in kids fed with cactus, being necessary for being related to the intestinal mucosa's health and avoiding the adhesion of pathogens to the intestinal epithelium. Conclusion: These microbiota changes based on diets with high fiber content are necessary to understand the adaptation of this species to favorable dietary changes.

Células madre adiposas humanas disminuyen el daño de la fibrosis hepática con baja persistencia de células trasplantadas en ratas / Human adipose stem cells decrease liver fibrosis damage with low persistence of transplanted cells in rats

RESUMEN: En la enfermedad hepática crónica el trasplante ortotópico es la única alternativa terapéutica actual pero es limitada por falta de donantes. Ensayos con células madre adultas en daño hepático agudo evidencian promisorios resultados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar en ratas con daño hepático crónico la efectividad de la infusión de células madre adiposas humanas (CMAd-h). Ratas con fibrosis hepática inducida por tioacetamida fueron agrupadas en: grupo I control que no recibió tioacetamida ni células madre, grupo II recibió tioacetamida y suero fisiológico i.v., grupo III recibió tioacetamida y células madre adiposas 1 x 106/kg i.v. vía vena de la cola. La regeneración hepática histológica se evaluó por el index METAVIR, mientras las Macrophagocytus stellatus, células estrelladas a- SMA+ y células colágeno I+ por inmunohistoquímica; el daño funcional se evaluó por los niveles sanguíneos de los analitos Aspartato Aminotransferasa (AST), Alanina Aminotransferasa (ALT), Fosfatasa Alcalina (ALP), úrea y nitrógeno ureico (BUN) y hemograma. Los resultados muestran atenuación del daño estructural hepático evidenciado por disminución de los nódulos, del grado de lesión histológica en el score Metavir, y disminución de Macrophagocytus stellatus, células a-SMA+ y células colágeno tipo I+; funcionalmente hay reducción moderada de AST, ALT, urea, BUN y disminución moderada de células blancas pero efecto favorable sobre el volumen corpuscular media y la hemoglobina corpuscular media. Ocho semanas después de la infusión hay escasa población de CMAd-h en el hígado. En conclusión la infusión intravenosa de CMAd-h en ratas disminuye el daño funcional y estructural de la fibrosis hepática con escasa persistencia de CMAd-h en el parénquima hepático. A nuestro conocimiento este es el primer trabajo que evalúa el efecto de las CMAd-h en el modelo daño hepático crónico murino y la persistencia de las células trasplantadas.

SUMMARY: In chronic liver disease, orthotopic transplantation is the only current therapeutic alternative but it is limited due to lack of donors. Trials with adult stem cells in acute liver damage show promising results. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of human adipose stem cell (h-ASC) infusion in rats with chronic liver damage. Rats with thioacetamide- induced liver fibrosis were grouped into: group I control that did not receive thioacetamide and h-ASC, group II received thioacetamide and saline i.v., group III received thioacetamide and h-ASC 1 x 106/ kg i.v. via tail vein. Histological liver regeneration was evaluated by METAVIR index, while Macrophagocytus stellatus (Kupffer cells), stellate cells a-SMA+ and collagen I+ cells by immunohistochemistry; functional damage was evaluated by blood levels of the analytes Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Urea and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and hemogram. The results show attenuation of structural liver damage evidenced by decreased nodules, degree of histologic injury on Metavir score, and decreased Macrophagocytus stellatus, a-SMA+ cells and type I+ collagen cells; functionally there is moderate reduction of AST, ALT, urea, BUN and moderate decrease of white cells but favorable effect on mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Eight weeks after infusion there is a small population of h-ASC in the liver. In conclusion, intravenous infusion of h-ASC in rats reduces functional and structural damage of hepatic fibrosis with low persistence of h- ASC in the liver parenchyma. To our knowledge this is the first work that evaluates the effect of h-SC in the model of chronic murine liver damage and the persistence of transplanted cells.